Buffers are solutions that maintain a stable pH when acids or bases are added, crucial in biological and chemical experiments where pH control is essential. They are used in electrophoresis, cell culture, enzymatic reactions, and protein purification. Popular buffer types include phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Tris-HCl, and HEPES.

Prepared in liquid form or as powder concentrates, buffers ensure consistent reaction environments and improve the reliability of experimental outcomes. Laboratories depend on accurate buffer preparation and proper storage conditions to avoid contamination and maintain consistency across tests.